Leštak 1

Leshtak1.newer_.mp3

1 (a) [0:00] Ten levs! Two hundred grams of lemonade, two levs;

ten

lev ct m

lemonade sg f def med

two.hundred

gram ct m

two m

lev ct m

2 (b) [0:02] Huh.

xɤ̀

bkch

ха

3 (a) [0:04] Five lemonades, ten levs. A liter of milk, four levs.

five

lemonade pl f

ten

lev ct m

one sg m adj

liter sg m

milk sg n

four

lev ct m

4 (b) [0:05] This year two-fifty.

this sg f prox adj

year sg f

two m

and

fifty

5 (a) [0:07] One kilogram of fodder, five levs and it – Well, private owners bring it,

one sg m adj

kilogram sg m

fodder sg m

five

lev ct m

and

nom n 3sg

acc m 3sg clt

hort

nom 3pl

owner pl m def med

transport 3pl pres I

6 (a) [0:11] Some bring good [stuff] but some bring – Cows get sick and die,

but

some pl adj

bring 3pl pres I

nice sg m adj

some pl adj

bring 3pl pres I

cow pl f def med

acc refl clt

get.sick 3pl pres I

die 3pl pres I

7 (a) [0:20] and it’s hard] to bring a doctor here, we’re [several] kilometers away.

comp

bring 2sg pres P

one sg m adj

doctor sg m

here adv

1pl pres cop clt

kilometer pl m

8 (a) [0:23] Where should you go first? There’s a vet in Vŭrbina. By the time you go

where interr

ahead adv

Vŭrbina sg f place

veterinarian sg m def

by.when conj

comp

go 2sg pres P

9 (a) [0:28] and get him and bring him back, you’ve paid out on gas

comp

acc m 3sg clt

take 2sg pres P

comp

acc m 3sg clt

bring 3sg pres P

disc

for

gasoline sg m

give 2sg pres P

10 (a) [0:32 ] a hundred-fifty to two hundred levs. And that’s if the driver is a friend,

one.hundred

and

fifty

two.hundred

lev ct m

disc

if conj

dat 2sg clt

3sg pres cop clt

friend sg m

driver sg m def

11 (a) [0:33] if he’s [someone] close to you. Otherwise you’ll have to pay five hundred levs!

if conj

dat 2sg clt

3sg pres cop clt

close sg m adj

otherwise adv

five.hundred

lev ct m

must pres I imprs

dat m 3sg clt

give 2sg pres P

12 (a) [0:39] It’s really hard.

very adv

difficult sg n adj

13 (VZh) And so – the other one with her. Is she younger?

and

other sg f def adj

rel

3sg pres cop clt

with

acc f 3sg

young f sg adj

interr clt

3sg pres cop clt

14 (a) [0:45] She’s younger.

nom f 3sg

3sg pres cop clt

young sg f adj

15 (b) [0:45] She’s younger.

nom f 3sg

3sg pres cop clt

young sg f adj

16 (VZh) Uh huh.

əmhəm

bkch

17 (a) [0:47] Yes, she’s younger.

yes

nom f 3sg

3sg pres cop clt

young sg f adj

18 (a) [0:50] Huh.

həm

bkch

19 (c) [0:51] Well, we’re fine now. In the old days older people – our folk –

disc

now adv

1pl pres cop clt

again adv

good adv

time sg n def med

old pl def med adj

people pl

our pl def med adj

20 (c) [1:00] went to load lumber from Slaveino and to carry it [all the way] down [here] …

3pl pres aux clt

go pl L.part I

comp

load 3pl pres I

ost

from

Slaveino sg n place

board pl f

comp

transport 3pl pres I

ost

down adv

21 (b) [1:08] [It was from] Benkovsky.

benkòfski

Benkovski sg m place

Бенковски

22 (c) [1:08] … on muleback.

with

mùletə

mule pl n

муле

23 (a) [1:10] Yes, but do you [really] remember? Let me tell you

yes

but

nom 2sg

remember 2sg pres I

interr clt

but

nom 1sg

comp

dat 2sg clt

acc n 3sg clt

say 1sg pres P

nom 1sg

24 (a) [1:11] what it was like, since I [myself] transported lumber.

how interr

3sg pres cop clt

because conj

nom 1sg

1sg pres aux clt

transport sg m L.part I

карам

dɤ̀ski

board pl f

дъска

25 (b) [1:13 ] Well, you might have done it too.

à

disc

and

nom 2sg

can pres imprs

2sg pres aux clt

transport sg m L.part I

карам

26 (a) [1:14] Well, I did, and I’ll tell you how. We’d go and in a single day

disc

nom 1sg

fut

dat 2sg clt

say 1sg pres P

how interr

3sg pres cop clt

go 1pl impf P

for

one sg m adj

day sg m

27 (a) [1:17] we’d bring lumber from Slavieno. Two days to Kiril and Benkovsky,

bring 1pl impf P

board pl f def med

from

Slaveino sg n place

for

two m

day ct m

Kiril sg n place

and

Benkovski sg m place

28 (a) [1:21] there and back. And – mark this – we’d take five hundred kilos of corn

take.away 1pl pres P

and

acc refl clt

return 1pl pres P

however adv

take 1pl impf I

five.hundred

kilo pl n

corn sg f

29 (a) [1:25] in a single run.

with

one sg m adj

run sg m

30 (b) [1:26] In a single run?

with

one sg m adj

run sg m

31 (a) [1:27] Hah! So if you make six or seven runs in the summer,

excl

year sg f def med

when conj

make 2sg pres P

six

seven

run ct m

during

summer sg n def dist

and

32 (a) [1:30] then you can take it easy the whole year. But now, how much do you have to work

and

càlənə

whole sg f def dist adj

year sg f

dat refl clt

rest 2sg pres I

but

now adv

how.much interr

must pres I imprs

comp

work 2sg pres I

33 (a) [1:32] to get five hundred kilos of corn? How much time do you have to put in? Huh?

comp

take 2sg pres P

five.hundred

kilo pl n

corn sg f

how.much interr

time sg n

must pres I imprs

comp

work 2sg pres I

excl

34 (b) [1:38] [laughter]

[...]

35 (a) [1:39] Just do the math!

hes

make sg imv P

dat refl clt

account sg f

36 (b) [1:40] Those days – what’s gone is gone.

mìnəlutu

past sg n def med adj

time sg n

dat refl clt

3sg pres cop clt

past sg n adj

37 (a) [1:43] And the prices – do the math on that too!

price pl f def med

fut

dat 1sg clt

make 2sg pres P

account sg f

how interr

3pl pres cop clt

38 (a) [1:46] Well, but people are still working in transport.

yes

disc

there adv

transport sg m

acc refl clt

make 3sg pres I

39 (a) [1:47 ] Transport, yes, but let me tell you: [back then] if you make

disc

nom m 3sg

transport sg m

but

dat 2sg clt

say 1sg pres I

when conj

make 2sg pres P

40 (a) [1:49] five or six runs to Benkovsky and back, that gets you through the year.

five

six

run ct m

Benkovski sg m place

and

back adv

and

year sg f def dist

carry.out 2sg pres I

41 (a) [1:53] Now just go and make thirty runs and see how much you’ll make!

hes

walk sg imv I

make sg imv P

now adv

thirty

run ct m

comp

see 1pl pres P

how.much interr

fut

earn 2sg pres P

42 (b) [1:56] I don’t know how much you’d get.

neg

know 1sg pres I

how.much interr

fut

earn 2sg pres P

43 (a) [1:57] Well you can’t! See – the day before yesterday I was about to go to Madan.

disc

neg

can pres imprs

because conj

day.before.yesterday adv

fut

go 1sg pres I

Madan sg m place

44 (a) [2:00] I bought one small soup, with [so few] kernels of rice in it that you could count them,

take 1sg aor P

one sg f adj

soup sg f

and

impf exist

rice pl adj

kernel pl n

can impf imprs

comp

acc refl clt

count 3pl pres P

45 (a) [2:05] and two peppers – this big – and in them [barely]

and

two f

pepper pl f

ost

so.big adv

3pl impf cop

big pl adj

and

acc m 3sg

comp

pres exist

46 (a) [2:09] twenty grams of rice. And that was twenty-four levs, with three slices of bread!

twenty

gram ct m

rice sg m

twenty

and

four

lev ct m

with

three

slice pl f

bread sg m

47 (a) [2:12] And nothing else! So just go try and live [like that], to see how you’ll manage!

without

other sg n adj

nothing sg n

disc

walk sg imv I

live sg imv I

comp

see 1pl pres P

how interr

fut

live 2sg pres I

48 (a) [2:17] Earlier, it used to be that we’d get near Ustovo and you’d smell the bread

and

before adv

when inter.rel

approach 1pl impf P

Ustovo sg n place

and

bread sg m def

smell 3sg impf I

49 (a) [2:20] from there (Ustovo) as soon as you reach Podvis.

from

when inter.rel

acc refl clt

submit 2sg pres P

still adv

from

Podvis sg m place

50 (b) [2:21] Simit (type of bread)

simìt

simit sg m

симид

51 (a) [2:22] Right. And lentils [to which they’d] add a hundred grams of oil,

à

disc

and

lentils sg f

dat n 3sg clt

put 3sg impf P

one.hundred

gram ct m

oil sg m

52 (a) [2:25] and you’d eat so well that when you get home we don’t need any dinner.

and

acc refl clt

eat 2sg pres P

when inter.rel

come 2sg pres P

here adv

and

dinner sg f

neg

eat 1pl pres I

53 (a) [2:28] But now when you go to Ustovo what are you going to get to eat?

but

now adv

go 2sg pres P

Ustovo sg n place

what sg n interr

fut

take 2sg pres P

comp

eat 2sg pres I

54 (a) [2:31] Travelers now [who] stop off in Ustovo

nom 3pl

now adv

3pl pres cop clt

traveler pl m

when conj

acc refl clt

stop.off 3pl pres P

Ustovo sg n place

55 (a) [2:33] to get something to eat, let’s [just] see what they’ll eat!

take 3pl pres P

comp

eat 3pl pres I

comp

see 1pl pres P

what sg n interr

fut

eat 3pl pres I

56 (a) [2:37] And there it is, that’s the difference between then and now.

this sg n med adj

and

this sg n med adj

pres exist

difference sg f def med

from

before adv

now adv

57 (a) [2:40] There used to be roast on every branch. You’d take a kid

because conj

impf exist

bake sg n P.part I

every sg m adj

branch sg m

when inter.rel

take 2sg pres P

kid sg n def dist

58 (a) [2:43] and slaughter it and sell the hide, and the meat ends up free.

and

acc n 3sg clt

slaughter 2sg pres P

sell 2sg pres P

skin sg f def dist

and

meat sg n def dist

remain 3sg pres I

without

money pl.t

59 (a) [2:46] But now to buy to buy a kid you need to get

but

now adv

for

comp

take 2sg pres P

one sg n adj

kid sg n

must pres I imprs

comp

take 2sg pres I

60 (a) [ 2:48] one thousand five hundred levs.

one.thousand

and

five.hundred

lev ct m

money pl.t

61 (b) [2:50] That’s the way it is now.

now adv

and

this sg n med adj

3sg pres cop clt

62 (a) [2:51] And how much pension do you get? You need to pay two [full] pensions to get one kid.

and

how.much interr

pension pl f

take 2sg pres I

must pres I imprs

two f

pension pl f

comp

give 2sg pres P

for

one sg n adj

kid sg n

63 (a) [2:55] Not to speak of bread even.

and

for

bread sg m

comp

neg

speak 1pl pres I

64 (b) [2:57] Don’t need you need to pay for bread?

for

bread sg m

fut neg

interr clt

comp

give 2sg pres P

65 (a) [3:02] Seventy lev [a kilo] for meat. How much meat have you bought in a year?

excl

seventy

lev ct m

meat sg n

how.much interr

meat sg n

2sg pres aux clt

take sg m L.part I

nom 2sg

for

one sg f adj

year sg f

66 (b) [3:09] You can’t buy it.

neg

can pres imprs

take 2sg pres P

67 (a) [3:11] You can’t. And before? Each week we used to slaughter a cow – [sometimes]

neg

can 2sg pres I

and

before adv

here adv

slaughter 1pl impf I

every sg f adj

week sg f

cow sg f

68 (a) [3:16] we slaughtered two or three each. And it worked fine! Things were inexpensive.

two f

and

three

1pl pres aux clt

slaughter pl L.part I

and

walk 3sg impf I

because

3sg impf cop

cheap sg n adj

69 (a) [3:21] Meat at two levs [a kilo]. But now if someone slaughters, everyone [just] watches.

two m

lev ct m

meat sg n

but

now adv

acc refl clt

slaughter 3sg pres P

every sg m adj

look 3sg pres I

70 (VZh) [past vs present] You’ve forgotten …

nom 2pl

2pl pres aux clt

forget pl L.part P

71 (a) [3:27] Nobody’s got money.

pres neg exist

money pl.t

72 (VZh) … most likely, what it is to roast on a spit. How did you do it?

what sg n interr

3sg pres cop clt

this sg n adj

already adv

barbecue sg n

surely adv

how interr

acc refl clt

make 3sg pres I

73 (a) [3:30] Oh, we’ve completely forgotten!

excl

directly adv

acc sg n 3sg

forget 1pl aor P

74 (VZh) [laughter]

[...]

75 (a) [3:33] Even if I saw one I wouldn’t recognize it!

even adv

and

comp

acc sg n 3sg

see 1pl pres P

fut neg

comp

acc sg n 3sg

recognize 1pl pres P

76 (VZh) [laughter] And how do you do this roasting on a spit?

and

how interr

acc refl clt

make 3sg pres I

with

this sg n adj

barbecue sg n def

77 (a) [3:39] It’s very easy to do, but there’s nothing to do it with!

nom n 3sg

very adv

easily adv

acc refl clt

make 3sg pres I

but

pres neg exist

from

what sg n interr

comp

acc refl clt

make 3sg pres P

78 (VZh) [laughter]

[...]

79 (a) [3:41] [laughter]

[...]

80 (VZh) And what do you light the fire with? What do you light it with?

and

with

what sg n interr

acc refl clt

light 3sg pres I

this sg n adj

thing sg n

with

what sg n interr

acc refl clt

light 3sg pres P

81 (a) [3:46] With wood! See, over there. You only [need] the spit,

excl

wood pl n def med

see sg imv P

where interr

3pl pres cop clt

only adv

spit sg n def med

82 (a) [3:48] and the posts are ready for the spit.

disc

and

post pl m def med

3pl pres cop clt

ready pl adj

for

spit sg n def med

83 (a) [3:53] And then you put it on a stick and it revolves

put 3sg pres P

acc refl clt

one sg m adj

stick sg m

and

acc refl clt

turn 3sg pres I

84 (VZh) Only lambs? Or these –

only adv

lamb sg n

disc

85 (a) [4:00] [It also] works [with] a calf, or a sheep, or a goat. It’ll work [with] everything.

happen 3sg pres I

and

calf sg n

and

sheep sg f

and

goat sg f

everything sg n adj

happen 3sg pres I

86 (a) [4:04] It’s only a big animal [that it] won’t work [with]

only

big sg n adj

animal sg n

neg

can pres imprs

comp

become 3sg pres P

87 (b) [4:07] You can’t do it [with] a cow.

cow sg f

neg

can pres imprs

88 (a) [4:08] Up to fifty or sixty kilograms, given that it’s meat, is OK.

fifty

sixty

kilogram ct m

since conj

3sg pres cop clt

meat sg n def med

happen 3sg pres I

89 (a) [4:10] Any more than that isn’t possible. It’s [too] heavy to revolve.

from.there adv

up adv

neg

can pres imprs

difficult sg n adj

3sg pres cop clt

for

turn vbl.n I

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Participants

VZh

a

b

c

Leštak 1

1 (a) [0:00] Ten levs! Two hundred grams of lemonade, two levs;

2 (b) [0:02] Huh.

3 (a) [0:04] Five lemonades, ten levs. A liter of milk, four levs.

4 (b) [0:05] This year two-fifty.

5 (a) [0:07] One kilogram of fodder, five levs and it – Well, private owners bring it,

6 (a) [0:11] Some bring good [stuff] but some bring – Cows get sick and die,

7 (a) [0:20] and it’s hard] to bring a doctor here, we’re [several] kilometers away.

8 (a) [0:23] Where should you go first? There’s a vet in Vŭrbina. By the time you go

9 (a) [0:28] and get him and bring him back, you’ve paid out on gas

10 (a) [0:32 ] a hundred-fifty to two hundred levs. And that’s if the driver is a friend,

11 (a) [0:33] if he’s [someone] close to you. Otherwise you’ll have to pay five hundred levs!

12 (a) [0:39] It’s really hard.

13 (VZh) And so – the other one with her. Is she younger?

14 (a) [0:45] She’s younger.

15 (b) [0:45] She’s younger.

16 (VZh) Uh huh.

17 (a) [0:47] Yes, she’s younger.

18 (a) [0:50] Huh.

19 (c) [0:51] Well, we’re fine now. In the old days older people – our folk –

20 (c) [1:00] went to load lumber from Slaveino and to carry it [all the way] down [here] …

21 (b) [1:08] [It was from] Benkovsky.

22 (c) [1:08] … on muleback.

23 (a) [1:10] Yes, but do you [really] remember? Let me tell you

24 (a) [1:11] what it was like, since I [myself] transported lumber.

25 (b) [1:13 ] Well, you might have done it too.

26 (a) [1:14] Well, I did, and I’ll tell you how. We’d go and in a single day

27 (a) [1:17] we’d bring lumber from Slavieno. Two days to Kiril and Benkovsky,

28 (a) [1:21] there and back. And – mark this – we’d take five hundred kilos of corn

29 (a) [1:25] in a single run.

30 (b) [1:26] In a single run?

31 (a) [1:27] Hah! So if you make six or seven runs in the summer,

32 (a) [1:30] then you can take it easy the whole year. But now, how much do you have to work

33 (a) [1:32] to get five hundred kilos of corn? How much time do you have to put in? Huh?

34 (b) [1:38] [laughter]

35 (a) [1:39] Just do the math!

36 (b) [1:40] Those days – what’s gone is gone.

37 (a) [1:43] And the prices – do the math on that too!

38 (a) [1:46] Well, but people are still working in transport.

39 (a) [1:47 ] Transport, yes, but let me tell you: [back then] if you make

40 (a) [1:49] five or six runs to Benkovsky and back, that gets you through the year.

41 (a) [1:53] Now just go and make thirty runs and see how much you’ll make!

42 (b) [1:56] I don’t know how much you’d get.

43 (a) [1:57] Well you can’t! See – the day before yesterday I was about to go to Madan.

44 (a) [2:00] I bought one small soup, with [so few] kernels of rice in it that you could count them,

45 (a) [2:05] and two peppers – this big – and in them [barely]

46 (a) [2:09] twenty grams of rice. And that was twenty-four levs, with three slices of bread!

47 (a) [2:12] And nothing else! So just go try and live [like that], to see how you’ll manage!

48 (a) [2:17] Earlier, it used to be that we’d get near Ustovo and you’d smell the bread

49 (a) [2:20] from there (Ustovo) as soon as you reach Podvis.

50 (b) [2:21] Simit (type of bread)

51 (a) [2:22] Right. And lentils [to which they’d] add a hundred grams of oil,

52 (a) [2:25] and you’d eat so well that when you get home we don’t need any dinner.

53 (a) [2:28] But now when you go to Ustovo what are you going to get to eat?

54 (a) [2:31] Travelers now [who] stop off in Ustovo

55 (a) [2:33] to get something to eat, let’s [just] see what they’ll eat!

56 (a) [2:37] And there it is, that’s the difference between then and now.

57 (a) [2:40] There used to be roast on every branch. You’d take a kid

58 (a) [2:43] and slaughter it and sell the hide, and the meat ends up free.

59 (a) [2:46] But now to buy to buy a kid you need to get

60 (a) [ 2:48] one thousand five hundred levs.

61 (b) [2:50] That’s the way it is now.

62 (a) [2:51] And how much pension do you get? You need to pay two [full] pensions to get one kid.

63 (a) [2:55] Not to speak of bread even.

64 (b) [2:57] Don’t need you need to pay for bread?

65 (a) [3:02] Seventy lev [a kilo] for meat. How much meat have you bought in a year?

66 (b) [3:09] You can’t buy it.

67 (a) [3:11] You can’t. And before? Each week we used to slaughter a cow – [sometimes]

68 (a) [3:16] we slaughtered two or three each. And it worked fine! Things were inexpensive.

69 (a) [3:21] Meat at two levs [a kilo]. But now if someone slaughters, everyone [just] watches.

70 (VZh) [past vs present] You’ve forgotten …

71 (a) [3:27] Nobody’s got money.