Stalevo 1

1 (GK)       Since you’ve done all sorts of work, I guess you’ve worked with wool too.

nom 2sg since
2sg pres aux clt
work sg f L.part I all.kind sg f adj work sg f mean 3sg pres I
and
and
wool sg f
2sg pres aux clt
work sg f L.part I

2 (a) [0:03]      Oho! Wool, rugs – Three sisters-in-law! And Mom said there were carding machines.

excl wool sg f rug pl f three sister.in.law pl f
and
Mom sg f say 3sg aor P this sg n adj impf exist carder pl m

3 (a) [0:12]      “[But] there’s no time [to go there, and] I won’t pay that much.

neg exist time sg n nom 1sg so.much adv money pl.t
neg
give 1sg pres I

4 (a) [0:16]      So we’ll card this wool [ourselves, with a] slanted carder,” she said.

and
fut
acc f 3sg clt
card 1pl pres P this f adj wool sg f crooked sg m adj carder sg m say 3sg aor P

5 (a) [0:20]      “I’ll buy a carder at the market in Haskovo.” And that’s how I carded.

nom 1sg in
Haskovo sg n place
to
market sg m def
fut
take 1sg pres P one sg m adj carder sg m
and
thus adv card 1sg aor I

6 (GK)       What is a “slanted carder”?

what sg n interr
3sg pres cop clt
this sg n adj crooked sg m adj carder sg m

7 (a) [0:27]      A slanted carder has a handle below, a handle below, and you scrape [with it].

crooked sg m adj carder sg m below adv handle sg f
and
below adv handle sg f
and
acc refl clt
scrape 3sg pres I

8 (GK)       Yes.

yes

9 (a) [0:33]      And today I’ll card one – one kilo, and tomorrow my sister-in-law will card,

and
today adv nom 1sg
fut
card 1sg pres P one sg m adj one sg m adj kilogram sg m tomorrow adv sister.in.law sg f def
fut
card 3sg pres P

10 (a) [0:42]      the next day the other one (there were three of us sisters-in-law). And [then] we’ll –

other sg m adj day sg m other sg f def adj nom 1pl 1pl impf cop
three
sister.in.law pl f
and
and
fut
acc n 3sg clt

11 (a) [0:48]      we’ll spin it, and then the following day we’ll card some more and spin some more.

fut
acc n 3sg clt
spin 1pl pres P
and
again adv next sg m def adj day sg m again adv card 1sg pres I again adv spin 1sg pres I

12 (GK)       OK. So [to get] the wool when you shear – you’ve sheared sheep, [right]?

thus adv mean 3sg pres I wool sg f def when conj
acc f 3sg clt
shear 2pl pres P nom 2sg
2sg pres aux clt
shear sg f L.part I sheep pl f

13 (a) [0:59]      No, I haven’t. I haven’t sheared sheep.

neg
1sg pres aux clt this sg n adj
neg
1sg pres aux clt shear sg f L.part I sheep pl f

14 (GK)       You haven’t sheared sheep.

sheep pl f
neg
2sg pres aux clt shear sg f L.part I

15 (a) [1:02]      Sheep, no, I haven’t –

sheep pl f
neg
1sg pres aux clt shear sg f L.part I

16 (GK)       So, after it’s shorn, you take one –

thus adv when conj
hes
3sg pres cop clt
shear sg f P.part P wool sg f def take 2sg pres P one sg n adj

17 (GK)       and what do you do next?

and
what sg n interr
acc f 3sg clt
do 2sg pres I after adv

18 (a) [1:07]      After you shear the – the wool, you boil [it in] a kettle and when the water –

when conj shear 2sg pres P [...]
wool sg f def
comp
boil 2sg pres P cauldron sg m def
ost
when conj now adv water sg f

19 (GK)       Yes –

yes

20 (a) [1:15]      And we scald it in these big troughs. After we scald it

and
in
big pl adj trough pl n
and
acc f 3sg clt
scald 1pl pres P when conj
acc f 3sg clt
scald 1pl pres P

21 (a) [1:21]      we’ll wash it with clean water – if there’s none here, then in the river.

fut
acc f 3sg clt
wash 1pl pres P clean sg f adj water sg f if conj not.have 2sg pres I here adv
in
river sg f def

22 (GK)       Yes.

thus adv

23 (a) [1:28]      We wash the wool, then we pick it over by hand, and then we card it.

wash 1pl pres P this f adj wool sg f
and
later adv pick.clean sg imv I
and
later adv card sg imv I

24 (GK)       Yes. And how do you pick it over it, by, by, by –

thus adv how interr
acc refl clt
pick.clean 3sg pres I
on
on
on

25 (a) [1:38]      Like this. Pick the wool over, you’ll pick it over, you’ll –

thus adv pick.clean sg imv I this sg f adj wool sg f
fut
acc f 3sg clt
pick.clean 3sg pres P
fut
acc f 3sg clt
[...]

26 (a) [1:42]      and then you’ll card it.

and
fut
acc f 3sg clt
card 2sg pres P

27 (GK)       OK, and then?

thus adv
and
later adv

28 (a) [1:45]      And next ..

and
next adv

29 (GK)       How …

how interr

30 (a) [1:47]      [you’ll take] the spindle and the weight on it, and you’ll spin.

[...]
spindle sg n def
and
vertebra pl m
and
fut
spin 2sg pres I

31 (GK)       How do you spin? What do you use to spin with?

how interr
acc refl clt
spin 3sg pres I with
what sg n interr
acc refl clt
spin 3sg pres I

32 (a) [1:52]      Well, a spindle!

disc
with
spindle sg n

33 (GK)       And where’s the wool?

and
wool sg f def where interr
3sg pres cop clt

34 (a) [1:56]      You hold the wool in your hand like this, and you’ll rotate [the spindle] and –

wool sg f def
in
hand sg f def med hold 2sg pres I
and
thus adv
and
fut
rotate 2sg pres I
and

35 (GK)       Didn’t you have something to put the wool on, to tie it

not.have 2pl impf I
interr clt
something sg n
comp
put 2sg pres I wool sg f def there adv
comp
acc f 3sg clt
tie 2pl pres I

36 (GK)       onto, a distaff or -

on
acc n 3sg distaff f sg
or

37 (a) [2:05]      No [not at all]. You tie it down [in the spot] where [you] spin-twist it –

neg exist nom f 3sg
acc refl clt
tie 3sg pres I where rel
acc refl clt
spin.twist 3sg pres I

38 (GK)       Hah.

bkch

39 (a) [2:09]      where you spin-twist the wool.

where rel
acc refl clt
spin.twist 3sg pres I wool sg f def

40 (a) [2:10]      The [wool] that is [intended] for rugs is [spun] thick, like this.

and this sg f adj rel
3pl pres cop clt
for
rug pl f nom f 3sg
3sg pres cop clt
thus adv thick sg f adj

41 (GK)       Aha. And the part that you “spin-twist,” what –

bkch
and
this sg f adj rel
acc refl clt
spin.twist 3sg pres I what sg n interr

42 (a) [2:16]      The part you spin-twist, that’s tied to the distaff.

this sg f adj rel
acc refl clt
spin.twist 3sg pres I nom f 3sg
3sg pres cop clt
on
distaff sg f tie sg f P.part I

43 (a) [2:20]      There’s this ribbon, and you’ll bind it to the distaff and –

distaff sg f tie sg f
dat refl clt
pres exist
fut
acc f 3sg clt
tie 2sg pres P
and

44 (GK)       You pull. What do you pull from the wool?

pull 2sg pres I what sg n interr pull 2sg pres P
from
wool sg f def

45 (a) [2:27]      You’ll spin-twist it and rotate [the spindle], spin-twist it, and rotate it

fut
spin.twist 2sg pres I
and
fut
rotate 2sg pres I
fut
spin.twist 2sg pres I
and
fut
rotate 2sg pres I
and

46 (GK)       I didn’t know that word “spin-twist”

disc
neg
acc f 3sg clt
know 1sg impf I this sg f adj word sg f spin.twist 1sg pres P

47 (a) [2:34]      That’s how I used to spin-twist.

spin.twist 1sg impf I thus adv

48 (GK)       (to self) It’s probably from izmɤ̀kvə (“pull out”).

[...]
pull.out 3sg pres I must pres imprs
comp
3sg pres cop clt
this sg n adj

49 (a) [2:39]      Yes.

yes
yes

50 (GK)       And what gets spin-twisted from this, from, from –

and
what sg n interr
acc refl clt
pull.out 3sg pres I from.there adv
from
this sg n adj
from
from

51 (a) [2:42]      From the wool.

from
wool sg f def

52 (GK)       What do you get from it, how did you call that, zhichka (a thread)? Or …

what sg n interr
[...]
become 3sg pres I
from
acc n 3sg how interr
dat n 3sg clt
call 2pl impf I thread sg f
or

53 (a) [2:45]      “zhichka” (thread).

thread sg f

54 (GK)       … or “nishka” (thread’)?

or
thread sg f

55 (a) [2:47]      “zhichka”

thread sg f

56 (GK)       [So,] “zhichka”.

thread sg f
and

57 (a) [2:48]      [Yes,] that’s a thread.

this sg n adj
dat refl clt
3sg pres cop clt
thread sg f

58 (GK)       And it goes onto the spindle.

and
go 3sg pres I
on
spindle sg n def

59 (a) [2:50]      You’ll wind it up – you’ll wind it up with this [hand]

disc
nom 2sg
fut
wind 2sg pres P
with
this f adj
fut
wind 2sg pres P

60 (a) [2:55]      You’ll spin-twist with that [hand] and wind it up with this [one].

with
this sg f adj
fut
spin.twist 2sg pres P
with
this sg f adj
fut
wind 2sg pres P

61 (GK)       Aha. And then from the spindle [it goes to] –

bkch
and
later adv
from
spindle sg n def

62 (a) [2:59]      [You take it] from the spindle to the yarn-crutch.

from
spindle sg n def
on
yarn.crutch sg f

63 (GK)       Right –

thus adv

64 (a) [3:02]      There’s a yarn-crutch, and you wind it onto the yarn-crutch.

yarn.crutch sg f pres exist
fut
acc f 3sg clt
wind 2sg pres P
on
yarn.crutch sg f

65 (a) [3:05]      Then there’s the rotating frames made [to hold the yarn, and] the spinning wheel.

later adv pres exist rotating.frame pl f make pl P.part P spinning.wheel sg m

66 (a) [3:08]      When you weave you set up the spinning wheel, and twist [thread] onto the bobbins,

when inter.rel
acc n 3sg clt
weave 2sg pres I put 2sg pres P spinning.wheel sg m def twist 2sg pres P bobbin pl m def

67 (a) [3:14]      and – and throw the shuttle, and weave! Everything was woven by hand.

and
and
with
shuttle sg f def throw sg imv I weave sg imv I everything sg n adj
acc refl clt
3sg pres aux clt
weave sg n L.part P
on
hand sg f

68 (GK)       Aha. Good. But why did you put it on the yarn-crutch?

bkch good adv
but
why interr
on
yarn.crutch sg f
acc n 3sg clt
put 2pl impf I

69 (a) [3:29]      You’ll wind it up on the yarn-crutch, and then you’ll moisten it with water

fut
acc n 3sg clt
wind 2sg pres I
on
yarn.crutch sg f def
and
fut
acc n 3sg clt
moisten 2sg pres P with
water sg f

70 (a) [3:33]      while you twist it, and then you wind it up so it doesn’t tangle

when conj
acc n 3sg clt
twist 2sg pres I later adv wind 2sg pres P
neg
acc refl clt tangle 3sg pres I

71 (a) [3:38]      because otherwise it starts to get tangled, and tangled like that, it jams

and otherwise adv grasp 3pl pres P
acc refl clt
tangles pl m
disc
tangles pl m
comp
acc refl clt
block 3pl pres P

72 (a) [3:44]      the cloth, and it doesn’t – it won’t be nice. [Everything’s] wound [onto] the yarn-crutch,

to
cloth sg m def neg
[...]
neg
3sg pres cop clt
nice adv yarn.crutch sg f def wind sg n P.part P

73 (a) [3:51]      and a yarn-crutch measure is moistened with cold water. And when it dries

cold sg f adj water sg f moisten sg f P.part P yarn.crutch.measure sg f def
and
and
when conj dry 3sg pres P

74 (a) [3:56]      you gather it together. And when you start to weave, you put [the yarn]

gather sg imv I
acc n 3sg clt
when inter.rel
take 2sg pres P
comp
weave 2sg pres I put sg imv I

75 (a) [3:59]      onto the rotating frames. And there’s the spinning wheel, the bobbins –

on
rotating.frame pl f def spinning.wheel sg m pres exist bobbin pl m

76 (GK)       So they – but why do you wind it onto bobbins?

nom 3pl
but
for
what sg n interr
on
bobbin pl m
acc n 3sg clt
wind 2pl pres I

77 (a) [4:06]      You wind it onto the bobbins, and you’ve got a shuttle to throw through the “shed”

on
bobbin pl m
comp
acc n 3sg clt
wind 2sg pres P
and
shuttle sg f have 2sg pres I
fut
throw 2sg pres I through mouth sg f def

78 (a) [4:12]      [on the loom]. First to here, then to there, and then to – you’ll weave.

ost
to
here adv ost
to
there adv ost
to
fut
weave 2sg pres P

79 (GK)       Aha. So you put the bobbins – what do you put the bobbins on?

disc mean 3sg pres I bobbin pl m def
acc n 3sg clt
put 2sg pres I
on
what sg n interr
acc n 3sg clt
put 2sg pres I

80 (a) [4:18]      The bobbins [go] on the shuttle.

bobbin pl m
on
shuttle sg f

81 (GK)       Right –

thus adv

82 (a) [4:21]      There’s this special shuttle, and inside it there’s [a place where] – you put the bobbin

shuttle sg f special sg f adj such.kind sg f adj
and
inside adv pres exist thus adv
and
shove 2sg pres P bobbin sg m def

83 (a) [4:28]      and you fasten it down, and then – throw and weave!

and
fasten 2sg pres P
acc m 3sg clt
and
throw sg imv I
and
weave sg imv I

84 (GK)       And what did you fasten it down with?

with
what sg n interr
acc m 3sg clt
fasten 2pl impf I

85 (a) [4:33]      Um – a stick, a little piece of wood on the shuttle, like –

[...]
stick sg f disc nom n 3sg
dat refl clt
pres exist wood.piece sg n
on
on
shuttle sg f def like

86 (a) [4:42]      It’s a wire. And [the spool] sinks down here inside [on it] and you’ll –

thus adv
3sg pres cop clt
wire sg m def sink 3sg pres P here adv here adv
disc
inside adv
and
fut
acc m 3sg clt
[...]

87 (a) [4:47]      you’ll fasten it down, and throw, wherever you want. Easy!

fut
acc m 3sg clt
fasten 2sg pres P
and
throw sg imv I comfortably adv already adv where rel want 2sg pres I

88 (GK)       OK, and what happens with this “shed” on the loom?

fine adv
and
how interr happen 3sg pres I this sg f adj this sg f adj mouth sg f
on
on
on
loom sg m def

89 (GK)       How does it work?

how interr happen 3sg pres I

90 (a) [4:57]      On –

on

91 (GK)       What are the parts of the loom? What’s it like? I’ve seen

what.kind pl adj part pl f pres exist
around
loom sg m def what sg n interr
3sg pres cop clt
this sg n adj nom 1sg 1sg pres aux clt see sg m L.part I

92 (GK)       other such, but [they were] upright looms. Yours aren’t.

but
other pl adj such pl adj upright pl adj loom pl m your pl def adj
neg
3pl pres cop clt

93 (a) [5:07]      Ours – the loom is specially made, a frame piece below and one above.

our pl def adj loom sg m
dat refl clt
make sg m P.part P special sg m adj below adv beam sg f above adv beam sg f

94 (a) [5:15]      And down below there’s a hole carved out and [a piece] pushed into it, and now -

and
pres exist
and
here adv below adv carve.into sg n P.part P poke sg n P.part P
and
all adv

95 (GK)       What?

what sg n interr

96 (a) [5:24]      [so] it won’t fall apart when you put it together.

neg
acc refl clt fall.apart 3sg pres I
hes
when conj
acc m 3sg clt
assemble 2sg pres P

97 (GK)       Uh huh.

bkch

98 (a) [5:27]      It gets all put in place. And when it’s all in place –

assemble 3sg pres I
acc refl clt
when conj
acc refl clt
assemble 3sg pres P

99 (GK)       So what else is there on the loom? There’s two frame pieces, and then –

and
what sg n interr other sg n adj pres exist
around
loom sg m def mean 3sg pres I
pres exist
two f beam pl f after adv

100 (a) [5:34]      Well, after that there’s the beams. The rear beam [is] where you’ll warp

and
later adv pres exist beam pl n rear sg n adj beam sg n rel
fut
acc n 3sg clt
warp 2sg pres P

101 (a) [5:39]      You warp that – [ah,] I don’t know how to tell you what a marvel [of things]

this sg n adj warp sg imv I
neg
know 1sg pres I what sg n interr
comp
dat 2sg clt
say 1sg pres P how.many interr wonder sg n

102 (a) [5:44]      I’ve warped. So you warp, and then you’ll roll it onto the warp beam again.

1sg pres aux clt warp sg f L.part P
comp
warp 2sg pres P and
fut
acc n 3sg clt
wind 2sg pres P
on
beam sg n again adv

103 (GK)       How do you warp, after you take it from warp [threads]?

how interr
acc refl clt
how interr
acc refl clt
warp 3sg pres P when conj
acc n 3sg clt
take 2sg pres P
from
warp sg f def

104 (a) [5:55]      It’s wound onto spools,

on
spool pl m
3sg pres cop clt
wind sg n P.part P

105 (GK)       Uh huh.

bkch

106 (a) [5:57]      and put onto this, onto the warp,

and
acc f 3sg clt
[...]
put sg n P.part P
on
disc
on
warp sg f def

107 (a) [6:02]      and when each thread is pushed through, you pull, pull, and wind [it].

and
when conj
3sg pres cop clt
push sg n P.part P each sg n adj thread sg n def
and
pull sg imv P pull sg imv P
and
wind 2sg pres P

108 (a) [6:10]      Then when you [are ready to] warp, you take the warp beam

when conj
acc n 3sg clt
warp 2sg pres P take 2sg pres P beam sg n def

109 (GK)       There’s these sticks, I’ve heard you put something [there]

there adv one pl adj stick pl f 1sg pres aux clt hear sg m L.part I
that conj
put 3pl pres I something sg n

110 (a) [6:16]      [What] sticks? Where?

where interr stick pl f

111 (GK)       [On] the warp, when you warp.

warp sg f def when conj
acc refl clt
warp 3sg pres I

112 (a) [6:18]      There’s sticks, and spools pushed [onto] the sticks, and they thread it like this

disc
pres exist stick pl f spool pl m def poke pl m P.part P spool pl m def
acc refl clt
thus adv thread 3pl pres I
and

113 (a) [6:25]      here a spool, there a spool, in a row all the way down,

here adv spool sg m
and
from.there adv spool sg m
and
and
in.order adv
to
below adv

114 (a) [6:29]      and you’ll push them into a board, it’s got holes in it,

and
fut
acc 3pl clt
push 2sg pres P
in
one sg f adj board sg f
and
nom f 3sg
3sg pres cop clt
with
hole pl f

115 (a) [6:36]      and you warp with it.

and
with
acc f 3sg
fut
warp 2sg pres I

116 (GK)       Uh huh.

bkch

117 (a) [6:39]      You warp, and you warp [a skein of] eight for this [kind of loom operation]

fut
warp 2sg pres I
and
fut
acc m 3sg clt
warp 2sg pres P this sg n med adj for eight

118 (a) [6:42]      [a skein of] twelve for that [kind], and of fifteen for that [other kind].

that sg n adj for twelve that sg n adj fifteen

119 (GK)       How did you used to count them?

how interr
acc 3pl clt
count 2pl impf I

120 (a) [6:47]      By the threads. You take a measure of a thread from factory-made yarn

by
by
thread pl f
and
fut
keep 2sg pres I thread sg f def rel
3sg pres cop clt
from
buy sg f P.part P yarn sg f

121 (a) [6:53]      – there’s more of that kind, whereas the yarn spun [at home} – there’s less of that.

nom n 3sg
3sg pres cop clt
more much adv rel
3sg pres cop clt
spin sg n P.part I nom n 3sg
3sg pres cop clt
with
more little adv

122 (GK)       Because it’s thicker.

because more fat sg n adj

123 (a) [7:01]      It’s thicker, the [homespun] yarn is thicker. There’s less of it in the warp.

more thick sg n adj spin sg n def P.part I
3sg pres cop clt
more thick sg n adj nom n 3sg
3sg pres cop clt
more little adv warp sg n P.part P
and

124 (GK)       OK, so you wind it onto the warp beam, right?

thus adv
and
wind 2sg pres I
on
beam sg n def thus adv
interr clt

125 (a) [7:08]      Later, after you warp it, there’s two poles hammered in, and on the poles

and
later adv when conj
acc m 3sg clt
[...]
warp 2sg pres P two m pole ct m hammer pl P.part P
and
on
pole pl m def

126 (a) [7:15]      two stones, and you put the beam on these and there you go, it’s a handle:

two m stone ct m put sg imv P beam sg n def
and
and
hort handle sg f def
and

127 (a) [7:20]      you wind it, wind it up.

wind sg imv P
fut
acc m 3sg clt
wind 2sg pres P

128 (IV)       Like a sled, like a “kazak” (sled)

like sled sg f like sled sg m

129 (a) [7:26]      There’s a “kazak” tied in back, it gets pulled, and you wind it onto –

sled sg m behind adv pres exist tie sg m P.part P pull 3sg pres P
acc refl clt
and
nom 2sg
fut
acc m 3sg clt
wind 2sg pres P
on

130 (IV)       The “kazak” is in back, right?

sled sg m def
3sg pres cop clt
behind adv interr

131 (a) [7:32]      Yes, on the beam. And you wind it and in the back, you put –

disc
on
beam sg n def
and
fut
wind 2sg pres P
and
behind put 2sg pres P

132 (a) [7:41]      How can I tell you? There’s “lito” (two-ply) and there’s “dimitno” (four-ply),

how interr
comp
dat 2sg clt say 1sg pres P all adv
and
two.ply adv pres exist
and
four.ply adv pres exist

133 (a) [7:46]      and [the kind] with four heddles. [It’s for] trousers, thick felt.

and
with
four heddle pl.t pres exist trousers pl.t def thick pl def adj full pl def P.part I

134 (a) [7:51]      They’re more thickly spun. And you take the fabric to be fulled

nom 3pl
3pl pres cop clt
more fully adv spin pl P.part I
and
acc refl clt
give 3pl pres I
and
acc refl clt
full 3sg pres I fabric sg m def

135 (a) [7:59]      and then we sew trousers [for] the men [from it].

and
trousers pl.t
acc 3pl clt
sew 1pl pres I man pl m def then adv

136 (GK)       And from the rear warp beam?

and
from
rear sg n adj beam sg n

137 (a) [8:08]      You wind it up on the rear beam and then you put the beam

and
on
rear sg n def adj beam sg n
fut
acc m 3sg clt
wind 2sg pres P and
and
beam sg n def
fut
put 2sg pres P

138 (a) [8:11]      on the loom, one in back and the other beam in front, and you weave.

on
loom sg m def one sg n def adj behind adv beam sg n other sg n def adj in.front adv
and
fut
weave 2sg pres I

139 (GK)       Is there something else between the beam – between the two beams?

between beam sg n def between two n def beam pl n pres exist
interr clt
something sg n other sg n adj

140 (a) [8:20]      There’s a heddle.

pres exist heddle pl.t

141 (GK)       Uh huh.

bkch

142 (a) [8:22]      There’s a heddle, and [in] the heddle a reed comb, and in the reed comb

heddle pl.t pres exist
and
heddle pl.t def comb sg m
and
in
comb sg m def
with

143 (c) [8:28]      [And] the batten.

batten sg n

144 (a) [8:29]      The batten and you bang it, to weave.

batten sg n
fut
bang 2sg pres I
comp
weave 2sg pres I

145 (GK)       Aha.

bkch

146 (a) [8:31]      Weave, and sing!

weave sg imv I
and
sing sg imv I

147 (GK)       [laughter]

148 (a) [8:35]      That’s how it was.

thus adv 3sg impf cop

149 (GK)       To make it easier.

comp
3sg pres cop clt
more easy adv

150 (IV)       And in this –

and
in
acc 3pl

151 (GK)       For it to be easier, right?

more
easy adv
comp
3sg pres cop clt
disc

152 (a)       Uh huh.

bkch

153 (IV)       There were some metal [things] there that kept the beam tight.

exist impf one pl adj metal pl adj
ost
thus adv rel stretch 3pl impf I beam sg n def

154 (IV)       What were these called?

how interr
acc refl clt
say 3pl impf I

155 (GK)       So the fabric would stay taut.

comp
acc refl clt
neg
gather 3sg pres I fabric sg m def

156 (IV)       So the fabric would stay taut, they used to put these metal things with cogs.

comp
neg
acc refl clt gather 3sg pres I fabric sg m def one pl adj metal pl adj thus adv with
cog pl m
acc refl clt
put 3pl impf I

157 (a) [8:47]      Cogs.

cog pl m

158 (IV)       Cogs, is [that what] they were called?

cog pl m
interr clt
acc refl clt
say 3pl impf I

159 (a) [8:49]      Those were called cogs, so it won’t –-

that sg n adj
acc refl clt
say 3sg pres I cog pl m
comp
acc refl clt
neg
[...]

160 (a) [8:52]      The reed comb will break if you leave it without the cogs.

comb sg m def
fut
acc refl clt
break 3sg pres I thus adv
if conj
leave 2sg pres P without cog pl m

161 (IV)       Uh huh.

bkch

162 (a) [8:57]      So it’s – when you weave this much then you move the cogs

and nom m 3sg
hes
this.much adv when conj weave 2sg pres P
fut
move 2sg pres P cog pl m def

163 (a) [9:03]      and start weaving again.

and
again adv
fut
weave 2sg pres I

164 (IV)       And how did they shift them?

disc
how interr
acc 3pl clt
change 3pl impf I acc 3pl

165 (a) [9:07]      With – with foot-pedals, connected underneath.

[...]
[...]
foot.pedal pl f below adv tie pl L.part P

166 (IV)       Down below.

below adv

167 (a) [9:12]      When you press down on this one it opens the “shed”.

when conj press 2sg pres P
on
this sg f adj open 3sg pres P mouth sg f

168 (IV)       Yes.

yes

169 (a) [9:14]      Press down on that one, it opens –

press 2sg pres P
on
this sg f adj open 3sg pres P

170 (IV)       The other.

other sg n adj

171 (a) [9:17]      If it’s four-ply, there are four. There are four thread lines.

if conj
3sg pres cop clt
four.ply adv four four thread pl m
3pl pres cop clt

172 (IV)       Four foot-pedals.

four foot.pedal pl f

173 (a) [9:24]      Foot-pedals. And you alternate them when you are weaving four-ply.

[...]
foot.pedal pl f
and
fut
acc 3pl clt
change 2sg pres I four.ply adv
fut
weave 2sg pres I

174 (GK)       And for the other one? For two-ply?

disc
for
other sg n def adj
for
two.ply adv

175 (a) [9:32]      That one [is] with two, two, two foot-pedals. And I weave.

and that sg f adj
with
two m two m two f foot.pedal pl f
and
weave 1sg pres I

         Since you’ve done all sorts of work, I guess you’ve worked with wool too.


         Oho! Wool, rugs – Three sisters-in-law! And Mom said there were carding machines.


         “[But] there’s no time [to go there, and] I won’t pay that much.


         So we’ll card this wool [ourselves, with a] slanted carder,” she said.


         “I’ll buy a carder at the market in Haskovo.” And that’s how I carded.


         What is a “slanted carder”?


         A slanted carder has a handle below, a handle below, and you scrape [with it].


         Yes.


         And today I’ll card one – one kilo, and tomorrow my sister-in-law will card,


         the next day the other one (there were three of us sisters-in-law). And [then] we’ll –


         we’ll spin it, and then the following day we’ll card some more and spin some more.


         OK. So [to get] the wool when you shear – you’ve sheared sheep, [right]?


         No, I haven’t. I haven’t sheared sheep.


         You haven’t sheared sheep.


         Sheep, no, I haven’t –


         So, after it’s shorn, you take one –


         and what do you do next?


         After you shear the – the wool, you boil [it in] a kettle and when the water –


         Yes –


         And we scald it in these big troughs. After we scald it


         we’ll wash it with clean water – if there’s none here, then in the river.


         Yes.


         We wash the wool, then we pick it over by hand, and then we card it.


         Yes. And how do you pick it over it, by, by, by –


         Like this. Pick the wool over, you’ll pick it over, you’ll –


         and then you’ll card it.


         OK, and then?


         And next ..


         How …


         [you’ll take] the spindle and the weight on it, and you’ll spin.


         How do you spin? What do you use to spin with?


         Well, a spindle!


         And where’s the wool?


         You hold the wool in your hand like this, and you’ll rotate [the spindle] and –


         Didn’t you have something to put the wool on, to tie it


         onto, a distaff or -


         No [not at all]. You tie it down [in the spot] where [you] spin-twist it –


         Hah.


         where you spin-twist the wool.


         The [wool] that is [intended] for rugs is [spun] thick, like this.


         Aha. And the part that you “spin-twist,” what –


         The part you spin-twist, that’s tied to the distaff.


         There’s this ribbon, and you’ll bind it to the distaff and –


         You pull. What do you pull from the wool?


         You’ll spin-twist it and rotate [the spindle], spin-twist it, and rotate it


         I didn’t know that word “spin-twist”


         That’s how I used to spin-twist.


         (to self) It’s probably from izmɤ̀kvə (“pull out”).


         Yes.


         And what gets spin-twisted from this, from, from –


         From the wool.


         What do you get from it, how did you call that, zhichka (a thread)? Or …


         “zhichka” (thread).


         … or “nishka” (thread’)?


         “zhichka”


         [So,] “zhichka”.


         [Yes,] that’s a thread.


         And it goes onto the spindle.


         You’ll wind it up – you’ll wind it up with this [hand]


         You’ll spin-twist with that [hand] and wind it up with this [one].


         Aha. And then from the spindle [it goes to] –


         [You take it] from the spindle to the yarn-crutch.


         Right –


         There’s a yarn-crutch, and you wind it onto the yarn-crutch.


         Then there’s the rotating frames made [to hold the yarn, and] the spinning wheel.


         When you weave you set up the spinning wheel, and twist [thread] onto the bobbins,


         and – and throw the shuttle, and weave! Everything was woven by hand.


         Aha. Good. But why did you put it on the yarn-crutch?


         You’ll wind it up on the yarn-crutch, and then you’ll moisten it with water


         while you twist it, and then you wind it up so it doesn’t tangle


         because otherwise it starts to get tangled, and tangled like that, it jams


         the cloth, and it doesn’t – it won’t be nice. [Everything’s] wound [onto] the yarn-crutch,


         and a yarn-crutch measure is moistened with cold water. And when it dries


         you gather it together. And when you start to weave, you put [the yarn]


         onto the rotating frames. And there’s the spinning wheel, the bobbins –


         So they – but why do you wind it onto bobbins?


         You wind it onto the bobbins, and you’ve got a shuttle to throw through the “shed”


         [on the loom]. First to here, then to there, and then to – you’ll weave.


         Aha. So you put the bobbins – what do you put the bobbins on?


         The bobbins [go] on the shuttle.


         Right –


         There’s this special shuttle, and inside it there’s [a place where] – you put the bobbin


         and you fasten it down, and then – throw and weave!


         And what did you fasten it down with?


         Um – a stick, a little piece of wood on the shuttle, like –


         It’s a wire. And [the spool] sinks down here inside [on it] and you’ll –


         you’ll fasten it down, and throw, wherever you want. Easy!


         OK, and what happens with this “shed” on the loom?


         How does it work?


         On –


         What are the parts of the loom? What’s it like? I’ve seen


         other such, but [they were] upright looms. Yours aren’t.


         Ours – the loom is specially made, a frame piece below and one above.


         And down below there’s a hole carved out and [a piece] pushed into it, and now -


         What?


         [so] it won’t fall apart when you put it together.


         Uh huh.


         It gets all put in place. And when it’s all in place –


         So what else is there on the loom? There’s two frame pieces, and then –


         Well, after that there’s the beams. The rear beam [is] where you’ll warp


         You warp that – [ah,] I don’t know how to tell you what a marvel [of things]


         I’ve warped. So you warp, and then you’ll roll it onto the warp beam again.


         How do you warp, after you take it from warp [threads]?


         It’s wound onto spools,


         Uh huh.


         and when each thread is pushed through, you pull, pull, and wind [it].


         Then when you [are ready to] warp, you take the warp beam


         There’s these sticks, I’ve heard you put something [there]


         [What] sticks? Where?


         [On] the warp, when you warp.


         There’s sticks, and spools pushed [onto] the sticks, and they thread it like this


         here a spool, there a spool, in a row all the way down,


         and you’ll push them into a board, it’s got holes in it,


         and you warp with it.


         Uh huh.


         You warp, and you warp [a skein of] eight for this [kind of loom operation]


         [a skein of] twelve for that [kind], and of fifteen for that [other kind].


         How did you used to count them?


         By the threads. You take a measure of a thread from factory-made yarn


         – there’s more of that kind, whereas the yarn spun [at home} – there’s less of that.


         Because it’s thicker.


         It’s thicker, the [homespun] yarn is thicker. There’s less of it in the warp.


         OK, so you wind it onto the warp beam, right?


         Later, after you warp it, there’s two poles hammered in, and on the poles


          two stones, and you put the beam on these and there you go, it’s a handle:


         you wind it, wind it up.


         Like a sled, like a “kazak” (sled)


         There’s a “kazak” tied in back, it gets pulled, and you wind it onto –


         The “kazak” is in back, right?


         Yes, on the beam. And you wind it and in the back, you put –


         How can I tell you? There’s “lito” (two-ply) and there’s “dimitno” (four-ply),


         and [the kind] with four heddles. [It’s for] trousers, thick felt.


         They’re more thickly spun. And you take the fabric to be fulled


         and then we sew trousers [for] the men [from it].


         And from the rear warp beam?


         You wind it up on the rear beam and then you put the beam